Fuelless System Principles (FSPs): A Multi-Dimensional Framework for Environmental Decarbonization and Sustainable Energy Resilience
Abstract
The Fuelless System Principle (FSP) represents a conceptual Multi-Dimensional Framework (MDF) designed to advance environmental decarbonization and enhance sustainable energy resilience. By integrating Renewable Energy Technologies (RET), Energy Storage Solutions (ESS), and Smart Grid Infrastructures (SGI), FSP aims to eliminate reliance on Fossil Fuels (FF) while addressing economic, social, and environmental dimensions of energy transitions. This framework draws on principles of Electromagnetic Induction (EMI), Battery-Motor-Alternator (BMA) cycles augmented by renewables like solar, and holistic sustainability assessments to create resilient, low-emission energy systems. Through a review of existing literature and practical applications, this paper explores the types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of FSP, highlighting its potential to support global Net-Zero Goals (NZG) while acknowledging physical and implementation challenges.
Keywords:
Fuelless system principle, Decarbonization, Sustainable energy, Multi-dimensional frameworkReferences
- [1] Parikh, S. (2025). Green energy innovations: Alternatives to fossil fuels. Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM), 3(06). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15697285
- [2] Jayabal, R. (2024). Towards a carbon free society: Innovations in green energy for a sustainable future. Results in Engineering, 24, 103121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103121
- [3] Itiat, N. E., Ekanem, I. I., & Ikpe, A. E. (2024). A comprehensive review on green energy technologies: An approach for environmental sustainability and eco friendliness. Systemic Analytics, 2(2), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.31181/sa22202427
- [4] Awan, T. I., Afsheen, S., & Mushtaq, A. (2025). Carbon free energy free energy supply. Influence of Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Sustainable Energy Technologies (pp. 19–47). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80983-5_2
- [5] Kia, S., Jahangiri, A., & Ameri, M. (2026). Experimental analysis of a portable thermoelectric atmospheric water generator using conical condensers. Results in Engineering, 110960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110960
- [6] Kia, S., Flesch, T. K., Freeman, B. S., & Aliabadi, A. A. (2022). Calculating gas emissions from open pit mines using inverse dispersion modelling: A numerical evaluation using CALPUFF and CFD LS. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 226, 105046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105046
- [7] Barton, D. (2025). An overview of the sustainability of emerging energy technologies in mitigating climate change. Future Sustainability, 3(3), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fusus.3.3.5
- [8] Ramesh, S. (2025). Renewable energy technologies. The Political Economy of Contemporary Human Civilisation, Volume II: From Quantum Computing and Nuclear Fusion to War and Conflict (pp. 183–218). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84185-9_6
- [9] Ikpe, A., Ekanem, I. I., & Ikpe, A. E. (2024). A comprehensive study of the principles and trends in ac circuits: Essential component in electro mechanical systems and industries. Intelligence Modeling in Electromechanical Systems, 1(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.48314/imes.v1i1.22
- [10] Fanchi, J. R. (2023). Energy in the 21st century: Energy in transition. World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/5764
- [11] Kumar, V., Bhusari, R., Dhok, S. B., Prakash, A., Tripathi, R., & Tiwari, S. (2018). Design of magnetic induction based energy efficient WSNs for nonconventional media using multilayer transmitter enabled novel energy model. IEEE Systems Journal, 13(2), 1285–1296. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2018.2852487
- [12] Munir, M. T., Naqvi, M., & Li, B. (2024). A converging path: A decade’s reflection on net zero emissions and the circular economy. Frontiers in Energy Research, 12, 1332174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1332174
- [13] Aguilar, C. N., Haghi, A. K., Shukla, A., Abraham, A. R., & Talele, S. G. (2024). Resilience and sustainability for energy and water: New advancements, opportunities, and framework. CRC Press. https://www.appleacademicpress.com/resilience-and-sustainability-for-energy-and-water-new-advancements-opportunities-and-framework/9781774916643
- [14] Akella, S., Sundaresan, S. A., & Kumar, R. (2003). Model based embedded control system development using HIL. https://www.sae.org/gsdownload/?prodCd=2003-28-0001
- [15] Shentu, N., Zhang, H., Li, Q., & Zhou, H. (2010). Research on an electromagnetic induction based deep displacement sensor. IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(6), 1504–1515. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2010.2086056
- [16] Erouglu, H., & Kurtulucs, O. (2025). Strategic design of wind energy and battery storage for efficient and sustainable energy systems. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 34976. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18863-5
- [17] Kim, M., Ghobadi, F., Charmchi, A. S. T., Lee, M., & Lee, J. (2025). Digital twins for clean energy systems: A state of the art review of applications, integrated technologies, and key challenges. Sustainability, 18(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010043
- [18] Oyekola, P., Mohamed, A., Aforijiku, O., & Oyekola, E. (2019). Development and evaluation of fuelless power generator. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 9(1), 3559–3563. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.L3122.119119
- [19] Cadiz, F., & Couairon, A. (2025). Electromagnetic induction, faraday’s law and magnetic energy. Classical Electrodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications (pp. 371–427). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86785-9_11
- [20] Zaichenko, S., & Derevianko, D. (2023). Comparison of the energy efficiency of synchronous power generator with spark ignition engine using different types of fuels. Systems, Decision and Control in Energy (pp. 155–177). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35088-7_10
- [21] Kavaliauskas, Ž., Šajev, I., Blažiunas, G., & Gecevičius, G. (2023). Electronic life cycle monitoring system for various types of lead acid batteries. Applied Sciences, 13(8), 4746. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084746
- [22] Zhao, H., Wu, Q., Hu, S., Xu, H., & Rasmussen, C. N. (2015). Review of energy storage system for wind power integration support. Applied Energy, 137, 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.103
- [23] Cullen, J. M., & Allwood, J. M. (2010). Theoretical efficiency limits for energy conversion devices. Energy, 35(5), 2059–2069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.01.024
- [24] El Hasan, T. S. (2018). Development of automotive permanent magnet alternator with fully controlled AC DC converter. Energies, 11(2), 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020274
- [25] Li, F. F., Xie, J. Z., Fan, Y. F., & Qiu, J. (2024). Potential of different forms of gravity energy storage. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 64, 103728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103728
- [26] Nikolaos, P. C., Marios, F., & Dimitris, K. (2023). A review of pumped hydro storage systems. Energies, 16(11), 4516. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114516
- [27] Shchurov, N. I., Dedov, S. I., Malozyomov, B. V, Shtang, A. A., Martyushev, N. V, Klyuev, R. V, & Andriashin, S. N. (2021). Degradation of lithium ion batteries in an electric transport complex. Energies, 14(23), 8072. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238072
- [28] Berrada, A. (2022). Financial and economic modeling of large scale gravity energy storage system. Renewable Energy, 192, 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.086
- [29] Nadeem, F., Hussain, S. M. S., Tiwari, P. K., Goswami, A. K., & Ustun, T. S. (2018). Comparative review of energy storage systems, their roles, and impacts on future power systems. IEEE Access, 7, 4555–4585. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2888497
- [30] Riva Sanseverino, E. (2016). The role of technology in participative processes. Smart cities Atlas: Western and eastern intelligent communities (pp. 207–231). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47361-1_8
- [31] Mohanty, A., Mohapatra, A. G., & Mohanty, S. K. (2025). Real time traffic monitoring with AI in smart cities. Internet of Vehicles and Computer Vision Solutions for Smart City Transformations (pp. 135–165). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72959-1_7
- [32] Nduka, E. (2023). Reducing carbon footprint by replacing generators with solar PV systems: A contingent valuation study in Lagos, Nigeria. Environment and Development Economics, 28(4), 387–408. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X22000316
- [33] Hossen, F., Arafat, M. S., Islam, R., Rafi, S. M. S., Jalil, M. S., & Jony, M. A. M. (2024). Decentralized energy systems and the circular economy: Business models for sustainable energy transitions. AIJMR Advanced International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.62127/aijmr.2024.v02i06.1115
- [34] Baldin, M. (2023). A sustainable view on entrepreneurial ecosystems: The study of the Lagos context. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/14102
- [35] Babatunde, O. M., Akintayo, B. D., Emezirinwune, M. U., & Olanrewaju, O. A. (2024). Environmental impact assessment of a 1 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell: A mid point and end point analysis. Hydrogen, 5(2), 352–373. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5020020
- [36] Aresta, M., & Dibenedetto, A. (2021). The carbon dioxide revolution: Challenges and perspectives for a global society. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1
- [37] Osman, A. I., Nasr, M., Mohamed, A. R., Abdelhaleem, A., Ayati, A., Farghali, M., & Rooney, D. W. (2024). Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production, storage, and utilization toward sustainability. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 13(3), e526. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.526
- [38] Smith, B. L., Sekar, A., Mirletz, H., Heath, G., & Margolis, R. (2024). An updated life cycle assessment of utility-scale solar photovoltaic systems installed in the United States (NREL/TP-7A40-87372). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.2172/2331420
- [39] Agustiana, D., Daraz, U., Royani, I., & Lyu, P. (2025). NdFeB magnets in wind energy system: A review of innovations for enhanced energy efficiency in Indonesia. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 44(4), e14636. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.14636
- [40] Okara, G. C., & Innocent, R. (2024). Signed, sealed, but not delivered: The credibility of Nigeria’s climate change act 2021 in mitigating and adapting to climate change in Nigeria. Chinese Journal of Environmental Law, 8(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340117
- [41] Lawrence, R. (2023). National solar jobs accelerator (Final Technical Report (FTR)). https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2280498?utm_source3
- [42] Murtaza, G., & Luqman, M. (2025). Environmental banking, renewable energy projects, and private investments crowd out. Renewable Energy Projects and Investments (pp. 177–200). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-29869-1.00010-6
- [43] Dupre, J. B. (2020). Sustainable energy for scientific antarctic stations: Development of a concept power plant using a small modular reactor coupled with a supercritical CO2 brayton cycle [Thesis]. https://repositorio.uc.cl/server/api/core/bitstreams/cfdb5aab-956b-4f4a-baca-171e7c6d7050/content
- [44] Serrano Arévalo, T. I., Ramirez Márquez, C., & Ponce Ortega, J. M. (2026). Comprehensive management of energy carriers: A circular economy perspective. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 51, 101224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2025.101224
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Environmental Engineering and Energy

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.